Perhaps not exactly the right link, but Andrew Ng's Machine Learning course (also from Stanford) teaches exactly the required things in the first three weeks: https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning
No. The basic linear algebra and calculus concepts used on the course are rather simple, and the videos hold your hand through the math quite well. You don't need deep understanding of the math to pass the course.
Probably not. I'm currently about halfway through and the majority of required mathematics revolves around linear algebra (matrix multiplication almost exclusively) and basic algebra. There is a linear algebra refresher as well.
I got 100% on the course and don't really do math myself. He skips over the derivations and gives the formula. The way you interact with the math is by turning a formula into code. It's actually fun and refreshing.
