The difference is in how the state is handled. In Clojure, it is contained in an atom, which is a well documented language primitive which can change value in controlled manner. It's not some magic construct hidden behind innocently looking JS function useState().
To be fair, reagent uses it's own implementation that satisfy atom protocol. And it uses some funky magic with keeping derefs and triggering rerenders. In principle, as atom is idiomatic Clojure, setState is idiomatic javascript. ratoms and hooks both add some sugar to it.
I'm not sure how far back you want to go, but `this.set` is used in most frontend frameworks, starting around knockout and backbone. You had object which managed state for you (then it was model, today it is component) and it had some setter method.
There are additionally libs like hyperscript (https://github.com/mlmorg/react-hyperscript) that take the non-JSX approach further. Although honestly, I don't recommend it. JSX is really great even it seems a little unfamiliar.