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The Von Neumann extractor is interesting.

> Von Neumann’s originally proposes the following technique for getting an unbiased result from a biased coin :

> > If independence of successive tosses is assumed, we can reconstruct a 50-50 chance out of even a badly biased coin by tossing twice. If we get heads-heads or tails-tails, we reject the tosses and try again. If we get heads-tails (or tails-heads), we accept the result as heads (or tails).



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