Or you could look at Kaiser Permanente, which is the exact opposite of this and the biggest nonprofit cited in this paper.

Unless you go to 3rd party provider for a non-emergency, you will never get hit with this type of nonsense. Everything is reasonably priced.

It’s a nonprofit organization that handles the financing and providing healthcare services which gives them an incentive to manage costs.

The ACA marketplace gives them an incentive to provide good service because you can always sign up for different insurance at the end of the year if you don’t like the care they provide.

Personally, I suspect this study was sponsored by the big health insurance companies who want to get in the same game.