Everybody[1] has a frequency domain transform in their ears. The absolute frequency gets lost at some point at the nervous system, a bit like you can't see absolute luminous intensity.

See e.g. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3280891/

[1] Everybody with a functional cochlea at least.

It takes a bit of work, but you can learn to isolate specific overtones by ear.