A lot of language concepts are shared and abstract. It’s not hard to know many languages proficiently.
I do agree a lot of people over estimate how much they know, but I work with multiple people who know at least 5 languages well.
For me myself, only counting things I’ve shipped at scale, I’d know C, C++, Swift, JavaScript, Python, Rust, MSL, HLSL, GLSL, MEL. There’s enough in common between them that I think it’s quite doable.
Shipped !== know. I've touched dozens of languages over my career and every time I've had my ass kicked by some esoteric knowledge of specific quirk in std of %lang%. We have a different definition of "know".
You initially said beyond a surface level and now you’re talking about esoteric quirks.
Pick one. Of course nobody has the same definition as you if you’re shifting the line and simultaneously not defining what you mean.
You don’t need to know every aspect of a languages corners to be proficient in it. If that were true, there’s only a handful of people on this planet who’d be proficient in a single language let alone multiple.
Sure, I can "swim when thrown into the cold water", but you have to be a masochist to like that kind of job. It sucks. I won't do it if I don't have to, and luckily I don't have to.
It pays better than the alternatives and some freedom moving between technologies, which tend to be product development with an expiration date, until the company gets acquired or decides to offshore the team.
Contrary to product companies you also get to jump technologies without having an HR department sending the application into the garbage because one doesn't tick all the boxes on a specific stack.